Fact Check: How to decipher online news and information: Identifying Fake News

Fake

Websites have made up stories or hoaxes that are delivered under the pretext of being factual news.   

Satirical

News sites parody actual events and news and are for entertainment purposes only.  They often mimic reputable news sites, using exaggerated information out of context.  

Biased

News is delivered from a particular point of view that may rely on propaganda and opinions rather than facts. 

Clickbait

Links use sensationalized, misleading, or exaggerated headlines and images to get individuals to visit their website.  The articles then deliver information that is not related to the original eye-catching piece.   

Astroturfing

Organizations or sponsors (political, religious, etc) make the message they are sharing look like it is from a grassroots organization and supported by people in the community where they are targeting the messages. 

Native advertising

Native advertisements are designed to look like additional stories but are advertisements for sponsors. Readers mistake their links as legitimate news to get more traffic to their site.  

Incomplete

News stories share quotes or information without providing proper background or context, which can often completely reverse the intended message. 

Text alternative to How to Spot Fake News Infographic.

International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions. (2020). How to spot fake news [Infographic]. https://www.ifla.org/publications/node/11174

IFLA, CC BY 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons 

Does the story match the headline?   

Sensational headlines are created to get the reader's attention. They often contain excessive punctuation, such as exclamation points, and use all caps. Sometimes they allude to a secret you need to know now. Keep reading! If the story strays away from the headline, it is probably clickbait. Clickbait is used to pass biased or fake news to unsuspecting readers.    

What is the date of the story?  

Some deceptive sites take stories or pictures from a few years ago and revamp them to fit in a headline with today's date. There are resources in this guide to help you verify images to find when they first appeared on the internet.   

Is the story unbelievable?  

If it's so incredible that you cannot believe it, you shouldn't.  Alternatively, if it confirms your worst nightmare, you should research it deeper to find supporting or contradictory evidence.    

Who else is reporting this story?  

 If no other media outlets are reporting the same story, it may not be true. Look for supporting evidence and links to reputable news outlets.    

Who is reporting this story?   

Are they a reputable news agency? Look up the author to see what and where they have reported before. Check the website's About page. Be careful of sites that do not provide information on who they are or how to contact them. Reputable sites will have their contact information readily available that should match the domain, not a Yahoo or Gmail address. All media is vulnerable to mistaken facts and news.  However, reputable news sources take accountability for their stories.  Biased and fake news outlets often do not take the same steps towards accountability, even going as far as giving fake contact information  

How did you find this story?  

Is it from your over-sharing aunt on social media? Did it come across your newsfeed? Is it a meme? Many people who share stories on social medial do not read past the headline. Reputable news outlets will not share newsworthy stories in a meme. Look the story up elsewhere to see if anyone is reporting on it and what they are saying. If it is a link to a website, check out the URL. Some fake websites create fake websites that look like other news agencies. Look for inconsistency in the URL, such as spelling errors.   

Does the article make statements without any supporting evidence?  

 You should always be able to see where the information in the story came from, such as links to original articles and named sources. Look to see if they are trying to prove or disprove something based on only one encompassing fact, treat it as a warning sign. You should also look up the report on a fact-checking site, such as Snopes or FactCheck.org.  

Does the article show opposing viewpoints?  

Did the author take steps to get any information to tell the other side of the story?  This demonstrates their credibility and transparency in bringing you the whole story. Search other media outlets to see what they are saying about this story.     

Text alternative to Beyond 'Fake News': 10 Types of Misleading News infographic

European Association for Viewers Interests. (2017). Beyond 'fake news': 10 types of misleading news. https://eavi.eu/beyond-fake-news-10-types-misleading-info/

EAVI,  CC BY-NC 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0>

How to Spot Fake News
 

Consider the source

Click away from the story to investigate the site, its mission, and its contact info.

Read beyond

Headlines can be outrageous in an effort to get clicks. What’s the whole story?

Check the author

Do a quick search on the author. Are they credible? Are they real?

Supporting sources?

Click on those links. Determine if the info given actually supports the story.

Check the date

Reposting old news stories doesn’t mean they’re relevant to current events.

Is it a joke?

If it is too outlandish, it might be satire. Research the site and author to be sure.

Check your biases

Consider if your own beliefs could affect your judgment.

Ask the experts

Ask a librarian, or consult a fact-checking site.

IFLA 

International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions 

IFLA, CC BY 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons 

Beyond ‘Fake News’: 10 types of Misleading News

Propaganda

• Adopted by governments, corporations, and non-profits to manage attitudes, values, and knowledge
• Appeals to emotions
• Can be beneficial or harmful
• Impact: Neutral
• Motivation: Politics/power and Passion

Partisan

• Ideological and includes interpretation of facts but may claim to be impartial
• Privileges facts that conform to the narrative whilst forgoing others
• Emotional and passionate language
• Impact: Medium
• Motivation: Politics/power and Passion

Clickbait

• Eye-catching, sensational headlines designed to distract
• Often misleading and content may not reflect headline
• Drive ad revenue
• Impact: Low
• Motivation: Money and Humor/fun

Conspiracy theory

• Tries to explain simply complex realities as response to fear or uncertainty
• Not falsifiable, and evidence that refutes the conspiracy is regarded as further proof of the conspiracy
• Rejects experts and authority
• Impact: High
• Motivation: Passion and Misinform

Sponsored content

• Advertising made to look like editorial
• Potential conflict of interest for genuine news organizations
• Consumers might not identify content as advertising if it is not clearly labeled
• Impact: Low
• Motivation: Money

Pseudoscience

• Purveyors of greenwashing, miracle cures, anti-vaccination, and climate change denial
• Misrepresents real scientific studies with exaggerated or false claims
• Often contradicts experts
• Impact: High
• Motivation:  Politics/power and Money

Satire and hoax

• Social commentary or humor
• Varies widely in quality and intended meaning may not be apparent
• Can embarrass people who confuse the content as true
• Impact: Low
• Motivation::Humor/fun

Misinformation

• Includes a mix of factual, false, or partly-false content
• Intention can be to inform, but the author may not be aware the content is false
• False attributions, doctored content, and misleading headlines
• Impact: High
• Motivation: Misinform

Error

• Established news organizations sometimes make mistakes
• Mistakes can hurt the brand, offend, or result in litigation
• Reputable orgs publish apologies
• Impact: Low
• Motivation: Misinform

Bogus

• Entirely fabricated content spread intentionally to disinform
• Guerrilla marketing tactics; bots, comments, and counterfeit branding
• Motivated by ad revenue, political influence, or both
• Impact: High
• Motivation: Politics/power and Money

Dig Deeper
 

False attribution:

Authentic images, video, or quotes are attributed to the wrong events or person

Misleading:

Content does not represent what the headline and captions suggest

Counterfeit

Websites and Twitter accounts that pose as a well-known brand or person

Doctored content:

Content, such as statistics, graphs, photos, and video have been modified or doctored

N.B. the impact and motivation assignment are not definitive and should just be used as a guide for discussion

EAVI Media Literacy for citizenship

www.eavi.eu

European Association for Viewers Interests. (2017). Beyond 'fake news': 10 types of misleading news. https://eavi.eu/beyond-fake-news-10-types-misleading-info/

EAVI,  CC BY-NC 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0>