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Software tools, such as Crossref, can help you create and manage your reference entries.
Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) give each digital item a unique, persistent identifier. Any digital object can be assigned a DOI, but you will most often see them used for journal articles. In APA Style, your references should provide the DOI for articles and ebooks when available. Not every article or resource has a DOI, and DOIs are not related to the peer-review status of an article.
Many publishers include the DOI on the first page of the article, often in the header or footer: Header Example:
Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 71, No. 3, 2015, pp. 441-452 doi: 10.1111/josi.12122
Footer Example:
DOI: 10.111/dome.12082 Digest of Middle East Student - Volume 25, Number 1 - Pages 36-51 © 2016 Policy Studies Organization. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
If you don't see the DOI in the article, review the database page for that article. Databases may provide this information in various locations: it may be in a section called Detailed Record, Abstract, Abstract/Details, or you may need to click on the article title to see more information.
You can search for a source’s DOI using Crossref.org. Crossref is one of the organizations that assigns DOIs, with a focus on research articles. If Crossref doesn't have a DOI for an article, you can safely assume that the article doesn't have one.
Follow these steps to search Crossref for an article's DOI:
Many scholarly databases provide preformatted reference entries that you can copy or export for use in your reference list. However, there is no guarantee that those are correct. You must still verify that your reference entries match your sources and are correctly formatted.
Many students use citation-management apps to organize their research and manage their references and citations. These can be helpful shortcuts in organizing research, but keep in mind that their formatting is often imperfect when used for your references list. OASIS does not use or support any of these apps, so we are unable to give recommendations.
Software tools, including Crossref, citation-management apps, and features built into scholarly databases, can help you create and manage your reference entries, but it is still your responsibility to check the formatting of any references you include in your writing.
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