1 ROUGHLY EDITED FILE MEDICAL RESEARCH: FINDING REVIEWS JANUARY 24, 2013 WALDEN WEBINAR 8:00 - 8:41 P.M. * * * * * THIS FILE IS BEING PROVIDED IN A ROUGH-DRAFT FORMAT. COMMUNICATION ACCESS REALTIME TRANSLATION (CART) IS PROVIDED IN ORDER TO FACILITATE COMMUNICATION ACCESSIBILITY AND MAY NOT BE A TOTALLY VERBATIM RECORD OF THE PROCEEDINGS. * * * * * CART PROVIDED BY ANGIE SUNDELL, RPR, CRR, CBC, CCP PARADIGM REPORTING & CAPTIONING INC. >> THEBROADCAST IS NOW STARTING. 2 ALL ATTENDEES ARE IN LISTEN-ONLY MODE. >> GOOD EVENING, EVERYONE. THANK YOU FOR JOINING ME TONIGHT FOR OUR WEBINAR FROM THE LIBRARY ON MEDICAL RESEARCH: FINDING REVIEWS. AND MY NAME IS KERRY SULLIVAN AND I AM THE HEALTH SCIENCES LIBRARIAN, AND I'M GOING TO BE SEARCHING, SPEAKING, DEMONSTRATING, TEACHING TO YOU TONIGHT. WITH ME, RUNNING ALL OF THE TECHNICAL STUFF BEHIND THE SCENES IS MICHELLE HAJDER. IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS, THERE SHOULD BE A LITTLE PANEL ON THE RIGHT-HAND SIDE OF YOUR SCREEN THAT YOU CAN EXPAND AND THERE'S A QUESTION/ANSWER SECTION THERE THAT YOU CAN TYPE YOUR QUESTIONS IN. IF THERE'S ANYTHING ALONG THE WAY THAT YOU NEED HELP WITH, AUDIO ISSUES OR ANYTHING LIKE THAT, YOU CAN TALK TO MICHELLE. SHE PROBABLY WILL GIVE YOU A QUICK ANSWER, HELP YOU OUT IF YOU HAVE ANYTHING GO WRONG, BUT IF IT'S A BIG QUESTION RELATED TO THE CONTENT OF THE PRESENTATION, SHE MIGHT HOLD YOUR QUESTION UNTIL THE END BECAUSE I AM GOING TO HAVE TIME FOR QUESTIONS. AND I WILL BE ABLE TO ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS ALOUD AND SHOW YOU MORE OF HOW TO GO ABOUT DOING 3 WHATEVER IT IS YOU'RE ASKING ABOUT WHENEVER YOU WAIT UNTIL THE END. SO THAT IS OUR HOUSEKEEPING. AND I AM GOING TO GO AHEAD AND GET STARTED. AND, SO, WE ARE GOING TO COVER THESE DIFFERENT TYPES OF REVIEWS IN THE MEDICAL LITERATURE. AND I'M GOING TO BE TALKING EXCLUSIVELY ABOUT THE MEDICAL LITERATURE. AND REVIEWS ARE SOMETHING THAT'S VERY COMMON AND FREQUENTLY REFERRED TO AS EVIDENCE, AND I'M GOING TO HELP YOU SORT SOME OF THAT OUT. THEY ALL HAVE A METHOD OF SEARCHING, AND ASSIMULATING THE LITERATURE AND THEN PRESENTING IT TO US IN DIFFERENT WAYS. AND THEY ALSO SOMETIMES HAVE A METHOD OF ANALYSIS, USUALLY A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS. AND THEN, FINALLY, WE HAVE SOME REVIEWS THAT ADDRESS A CLINICAL QUESTION AND ATTEMPT TO GIVE US AN ANSWER. SO THESE ARE THE FOUR TYPES OF REVIEWS I'M GOING TO TALK TO YOU ABOUT AND THEN I'M GOING TO ACTUALLY GO INTO THESE DATABASES AND SEARCH IN THEM. SO, I'M GOING TO START WITH REVIEW ARTICLES, MOVE ON TO META-ANALYSIS AND SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS EXAMINE 4 THEN FINISH UP WITH INTEGRATIVE REVIEWS. ALL THE DATABASES LISTED TONIGHT THAT I'M GOING TO USE ARE DATABASES THAT COME FROM THE LIBRARY. AND, SO, I'M GOING TO ACTUALLY GO INTO THE LIBRARY AND DO THAT SEARCHING FOR YOU. SO I'M GOING TO START OFF WITH REVIEW ARTICLES. AND REVIEW ARTICLES ARE NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH A PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL. REVIEW IS REALLY JUST THE TYPE OF PUBLICATION THAT THE ARTICLE IS DESIGNED AFTER. AND IT IS A SUMMARY OF THE LITERATURE. IT HAS USUALLY A WAY OF GOING OUT AND SEARCHING. IT WILL TELL YOU HOW IT SEARCHED, WHAT KEYWORDS IT USED IN ORDER TO DO THE REVIEW, AND THEN IT WILL EVEN SOMETIMES MENTION THE DATABASES THAT THEY SEARCHED AND THEN THEY'LL COME BACK AND THEY'LL PUT THIS ALL TOGETHER FOR YOU IN THIS HUGE DOCUMENT. AND IT'S REALLY A GOLD MINE WHENEVER YOU'RE DOING YOUR OWN RESEARCH BECAUSE IF YOU CAN COME ACROSS A GREAT REVIEW ARTICLE ON YOUR TOPIC, YOU'RE GOING TO BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY KEY AUTHORS, YOU KNOW, THE MOST REFERENCED ARTICLES, AND EVEN PICK UP ON MORE KEYWORDS THAT ARE GOING TO BE REALLY HELPFUL FOR YOU IN YOUR RESEARCH. 5 SO, THE DATABASES YOU WOULD USE TO SEARCH FOR REVIEW ARTICLES WOULD BE MEDLINE AND CINAHL, SO I'M JUST GOING TO GO OUT TO MY BROWSER AND I HAVE THESE DATABASES ALL OPEN, BUT HERE IS THE FRONT PAGE OF THE LIBRARY, AND I'M GOING TO SHOW YOU HOW YOU WOULD GET TO THEM, ARTICLES BY TOPIC, AND THEN YOU CAN SELECT EITHER THE HEALTH SCIENCES OR THE NURSING TO GET TO ALL OF THESE DATABASES. AND, SO, ONCE I GO INTO THE HEALTH SCIENCES RESEARCH HOME, I CAN JUST SCROLL DOWN AND I HAVE MY DATABASES AND THEN I HAVE MY EVIDENCE BASE CLINICAL RESOURCES. DON'T WORRY, I'M GOING TO COME BACK TO THIS PAGE AND I'LL TALK TO YOU ABOUT IT A LITTLE BIT MORE AT THE END, BUT I'M GOING TO GO AHEAD NOW AND I'M GOING TO GO UP TO ONE OF MY TABS WHERE I HAVE MEDLINE OPEN. AND, SO THE WAY I'M GOING TO DO MY SEARCHING TONIGHT, I'M GOING TO USE A REALLY OBVIOUS, GENERAL KEYWORD OF OBESITY BECAUSE I KNOW THAT I'M GOING TO GET RESULTS WITH. IT IT'S A PRETTY BROAD TOPIC IN THE HEALTH LITERATURE. AND, SO, I'M JUST GOING TO USE IT OVER AND OVER. WHAT I'M PUTTING INTO THE SEARCH BOXES UP HERE IS 6 NOT THE FOCUS OF WHAT WE'RE TALKING ABOUT TONIGHT. SO, THE FOCUS IS REALLY GOING TO BE DOWN HERE IN THE SEARCH OPTIONS. AND, SO, I'M GOING TO SCROLL DOWN AND I'M LOOKING FOR A LIMIT HERE, WHERE IT SAYS LIMIT YOUR RESULTS, I AM LOOKING FOR THE CHECK BOX FOR REVIEW ARTICLES. SO, RIGHT THERE IS JUST A CHECK TAG. I CAN SELECT THAT BOX. AND NOW I'M GOING TO LIMIT TO ONLY REVIEW ARTICLES IN MEDLINE. CLICK ON THE SEARCH, IT'S GOING TO EXECUTE MY SEARCH. AND I'LL GET A GOOD NUMBER OF RESULTS IN HERE. NOW, MEDLINE DOES NOT GIVE US A TON OF INFORMATION HERE ON THIS FRONT. A LITTLE SYNOPSIS OF THE ARTICLE. AND IT DOESN'T TELL US THAT IT'S A REVIEW ARTICLE. BUT WE DO KNOW BY MAKING THAT SELECTION THAT WE HAVE A LIMITED -- WE HAVE IT LIMITED TO REVIEW ARTICLES AND THAT'S WHAT WE'RE GOING TO BE RETRIEVING. SO, IT'S REALLY THAT EASY. I'M GOING TO JUST NOW MOVE RIGHT OVER INTO CINAHL AND I'M GOING TO DO THE EXACT SAME SEARCH HERE, 7 EXCEPT THE WAY THAT THEY GO ABOUT LIMITING IN THE CINAHL DATABASE IS A BIT DIFFERENT. THEY USE THE PUBLICATION TYPES. IF I SCROLL DOWN, IT'S IN THE LEFT-HAND COLUMN, AND THE PUBLICATION TYPE IS GOING TO BE USED FREQUENTLY TO PLACE THE LIMITS IN CINAHL. SO I JUST WANT TO SCROLL DOWN UNTIL I FIND MY REVIEW ARTICLE, AND THEN WHEN I FIND REVIEW, I JUST HIGHLIGHT IT AND THEN I'M SELECTING THAT PUBLICATION TYPE, THAT LIMIT, AND I CAN RUN MY SEARCH AND IT'S GOING TO LIMIT TO ONLY THOSE REVIEW ARTICLES. NOW, CINAHL IS A LITTLE BIT FRIENDLIER IN THE WAY THAT IT DISPLAYS THINGS. IT DOES TELL US IN THE CITATION INFORMATION BELOW, AS IT DISPLAYS EVERY RECORD, THAT IT IS A REVIEW ARTICLE. AND YOU'LL SEE THIS CONSISTENTLY IN CINAHL THAT IT WILL TELL US WHAT KIND OF ARTICLE IS, WHICH IS JUST A LITTLE BIT OF DIFFERENT THAN THE WAY MEDLINE IS. SO I WANT TO MAKE YOU AWARE THAT JUST BECAUSE YOU SEE SOMETHING IN THE CINAHL DATABASE THAT YOU DON'T SEE IN MEDLINE THAT YOU CAN'T BE ASSURED THAT YOU'RE RETRIEVING REVIEW ARTICLES BECAUSE YOU 8 KNOW WHAT YOU'RE DOING WHEN YOU'RE SELECTING THAT LIMIT. I'M GOING TO GO AHEAD AND I'M GOING IT RESET BOTH OF MY DATABASES. AND THEN I'M GOING TO GO BACK OVER TO MY POWERPOINT AND WE ARE GOING TO MOVE RIGHT ALONG AND WE'RE GOING TO TALK ABOUT META-ANALYSIS. NOW, META ANALYSIS AND SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS TEND TO GET LUMPED IN TOGETHER. AND THIS IS SOMETHING VERY COMMON IN THE UNITED STATES AND A FRIEND -- OUR FRIENDS ACROSS THE POND MAY NOT BE TOO HAPPY WITH US ABOUT THAT BECAUSE THEY'RE VERY SPECIFIC ABOUT HOW THE TWO WERE DEVELOPED AND HOW THEY STAND APART. BUT YOU WILL FIND THAT MOST OF THE SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS ARE GOING TO USE THE META-ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY, SO THEY'LL OFTEN BE INDICATED AS BOTH TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS. AND META-ANALYSIS IS ACTUALLY A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF MOSTLY RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIALS, SOME OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES AND CLINICAL TRIALS, THERE'S NOT ENOUGH R.C.T.s IN THE LITERATURE, BUT IT'S ALL BASED ON QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH AND IT HAS AN APPROACH TO DOING A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF ALL OF THAT RESEARCH THAT'S OUT THERE. 9 SO, WHAT DATABASES WOULD WE USE TO FIND META-ANALYSIS? WELL, WE CAN USE THE TWO THAT WE'RE BOTH IN, AND THAT'S MEDLINE AND CINAHL AND I'M GOING TO GO BACK THERE AND SHOW YOU. WE CAN ALSO USE THE DATABASE OF DARE, AND THAT'S THE DATABASE OF ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS OF THE FACTS. AND DARE IS REALLY A STAGING GROUND FOR TOPICS AS THEY MOVE INTO BECOMING SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS, ESPECIALLY COCHRANE SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS SO A LOT OF TOPICS THAT AREN'T REALLY READY TO ANSWER THE CLINICAL QUESTION YET BUT MAY HAVE DONE THE RESEARCH AND REVIEW WILL BE PUBLISHED AS A META-ANALYSIS, MAY BE INDEXED IN DARE, OTHER SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS THAT ARE WORKING TOWARD COCHRANE STATUS WILL BE PUBLISHED THERE. SO IT'S A NICE DATABASE THAT KIND OF BRINGS THOSE THINGS TOGETHER. SO I'M GOING TO GO BACK OUT TO MY BROWSER AND I HAVE MEDLINE OPEN HERE. SO, IN MEDLINE, AGAIN, I'M GOING TO PUT IN MY KEYWORD HERE. DON'T PAY THAT MUCH ATTENTION TO THAT. I'M GOING TO SCROLL DOWN AND I'M GOING TO LOOK FOR 10 THAT PUBLICATION TYPE IN HERE AS WELL. AND, SO, IN MEDLINE IT IS OVER HERE ON THE RIGHT-HAND COLUMN AND I'M JUST GOING TO SCROLL WAY DOWN UNTIL I FIND META-ANALYSIS. AND THEN I'M GOING TO JUST HIGHLIGHT IT AND THEN GO BACK UP AND CLICK ON MY SEARCH BUTTON AND RUN MY SEARCH. NOW, YOU'LL SEE, AGAIN, IN MEDLINE, THEY'RE NOT GOING TO TELL US IN THE CITATION OR INFORMATION BELOW IT THAT IT IS A META-ANALYSIS, BUT A LOT OF THEM WILL MENTION IT IN THE TITLE. AND YOU WILL SEE THAT IT'S A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. THAT'S GOING TO BE PRETTY COMMON THAT A LOT OF THE META-ANALYSIS ARE GOING TO BE WRAPPED UP WITH SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. IF YOU ARE IN A SITUATION THAT YOU WOULD BE LOOKING FOR A META-ANALYSIS THAT WAS NOT PART OF A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, THIS WOULD BE AN OKAY PLACE TO COME AND TRY TO FIND THAT AND YOU WOULD BE LOOKING FOR THOSE THAT DON'T MENTION ANYTHING OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, ONE THAT, YOU KNOW, IS MORE BASED ON OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES, MAYBE, YOU KNOW, THINGS ALONG THOSE LINES THAT ARE NOT GOING TO BE PRESENTING AN ANSWER IS WHAT YOU'RE TRYING TO STAY 11 AWAY FROM IF YOU'RE JUST LOOKING AT META-ANALYSIS. SO THAT'S MEDLINE, QUICK AND EASY. AND THEN I'M GOING TO POP OVER TO CINAHL AND CINAHL IS MUCH THE SAME, IT'S JUST GOING TO BE THE PUBLICATION TYPE. AND, SO, SCROLL DOWN UNTIL I GET TO THAT. AND THEN SELECT META-ANALYSIS. AND PERFORM SEARCH. AND, AGAIN, CINAHL'S GOING TO GIVE US A LITTLE MORE INFORMATION HERE. IT'S GOING TELL US THAT IT'S A META-ANALYSIS, IT WILL ALSO TELL US IF IT'S A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. AND, SO, YOU WOULD BE LOOKING FOR ONE THAT WAS A META-ANALYSIS. YOU CAN PRETTY MUCH SCROLL THROUGH HERE QUICKLY AND PICK OUT ONE SUCH AS THIS ONE THAT'S JUST A META-ANALYSIS AND NOT A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. SO, DEPENDING ON, YOU KNOW, IF YOU'RE JUST HUNTING FOR THAT SPECIFIC TYPE, THAT'S HOW YOU COULD GO ABOUT, YOU KNOW, FLUSHING THAT OUT A LITTLE MORE QUICKLY. INSTEAD OF READING THROUGH EVERY SINGLE LINE. AND YOU CAN SEE HERE, IN CINAHL, FOR OBESITY, I ONLY HAVE 86 RESULTS FOR META-ANALYSIS. I MEAN, EVEN THOUGH WE KNOW THAT'S A REALLY BROAD 12 TOPIC, THAT'S NOT A HUGE POOL OF LITERATURE. AND IF YOU WANTED TO GO THROUGH AND JUST PICK THE ONES THAT WERE META-ANALYSIS, THAT WOULD BE EVEN MORE LIMITING. SO YOU MAY FIND, WHEN YOU WORK WITH US, THAT'S ONE OF THE PROBLEMS WHENEVER WE'RE TRYING TO FIND THESE SPECIFIC TYPES OF STUDIES, SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS, META-ANALYSIS, BECAUSE THERE'S NOT A META-ANALYSIS ON EVERY SINGLE REFINED TOPIC OUT THERE IN THE MEDICAL LITERATURE. IT IS A SMALLER POOL THAT WE'RE SEARCHING. SO, I'M GOING TO GO NOW TO DARE. I BELIEVE THIS IS WHERE IT IS. YES. OKAY. SO I'M JUST GOING TO DO MY SAME SEARCH HERE AND DO OBESITY. NOW, IF I WANT TO JUST LOOK FOR META-ANALYSIS, I CAN DO A KEYWORD SEARCH FOR META-ANALYSIS. AND I JUST PUT THAT INTO THE SECOND SEARCH BOX AND IT'S GOING TO LIMIT TO ONLY THE META-ANALYSIS IN THE DARE DATABASE. SO, JUST GO AHEAD AND TELL IT TO SEARCH, AND YOU'LL SEE HERE THAT I GET ONLY 129 RESULTS, THAT'S MORE THAN WHAT I HAD IN CINAHL, AND, AGAIN, 13 IT'S GOING TO TELL ME SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, META-ANALYSIS, IF I WAS LOOKING FOR JUST A META-ANALYSIS, I WOULD HAVE TO FILTER OUT THE SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS BECAUSE, AGAIN, THEY'RE VERY CLOSELY TIED TOGETHER. I WANTED TO NOTE ONE THING ABOUT THIS DATABASE THAT'S IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND, THIS ALSO GOES TO THE SAME ABOUT COCHRANE, IS THAT WHENEVER YOU ARE CITING IT, YOU WANT TO MAKE SURE THAT IF YOU'RE USING THE FULL TEXT FROM THIS DATABASE, WHICH IS REALLY JUST A REVIEW OF THE ARTICLE, AND IT'S LOADING A LITTLE SLOW FOR ME, THERE IS A CITATION THAT IS PROVIDED IN EACH FULL TEXT AT THE VERY BOTTOM. LET ME SEE IF I CAN TRY ANOTHER AND GET IT TO LOAD BECAUSE THAT DOES NOT SEEM PROMISING THERE. BUT YOU WANT TO MAKE SURE THAT YOU GO IN AND YOU GET THAT CITATION. NOW, THERE IS AN ARTICLE THAT, OF COURSE, IT'S REVIEWING, AND YOU COULD PULL THAT CITATION OUT AND GO AND GET THE FULL TEXT OF THE ARTICLE. SO MAKE SURE YOU KEEP THOSE TWO IDEAS, THOSE TWO CONCEPTS SEPARATE, THIS IS A DATABASE THAT HAS REVIEWS OF THESE STUDIES AND THEN YOU CAN GO AND PULL THE FULL TEXT OF THE STUDIES THEMSELVES. 14 OKAY. I GOT ONE TO OPEN. EXCELLENT. AND, SO, IF I COME DOWN HERE, YOU'LL SEE, HERE'S THE SOURCE, IT TELLS YOU THIS DOCUMENT SHOULD BE CITED AS, AND THEN IT GIVES YOU ALL THE INFORMATION YOU NEED TO PROPERLY CITE IT, IF YOU'RE JUST GOING TO USE THE FULL TEXT OF WHAT'S COMING OUT OF THIS DATABASE. AND THEN IT WOULD ALSO TELL YOU THE FULL CITATION OF THE ARTICLE RIGHT HERE. I BELIEVE THAT IF WE HAVE THE FULL TEXT, IT SHOULD LINK TO IT, BUT BASED ON MY LOADING TIME THERE, I'M NOT GOING TO TRY THAT RIGHT NOW. SO, THAT TAKES US THROUGH THE BEST PLACES THAT I CAN TELL YOU TO SEARCH FOR META-ANALYSIS. SO, YOU KNOW, WHEN WE'RE IN DARE, WE'RE IN MORE OF A FILTERED DATABASE, WE KNOW THAT WHAT'S HERE IS HIGH LEVELS OF EVIDENCE. WHEN WE'RE OUT IN MEDLINE, AND CINAHL, THOSE ARE CONSIDERED UNFILTERED DATABASES AND WE HAVE TO BE A LITTLE BIT MORE CAUTIOUS ABOUT GOING ABOUT OUR SEARCHING, YOU KNOW, LIMITING TO, RESETTING MY DATABASES. AND LIMITING TO OUR SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS, OUR 15 META-ANALYSIS. SO, GOING TO GO BACK HERE NOW. AND I AM GOING TO TALK TO YOU ABOUT SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS. SO, SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS, LIKE I MENTIONED EARLIER ABOUT ADDRESSING A CLINICAL QUESTION, AND THAT'S WHAT A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW DOES. THE COCHRANE SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS ARE THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF EVIDENCE AND I'LL TALK TO YOU A LITTLE BIT ABOUT EVIDENCE AT THE END AND THE RANKING AND HIERARCHY. BUT THIS IS GOLD STANDARD IF YOU'RE LOOKING TO FIND, YOU KNOW, ALL OF THE LITERATURE BROUGHT TOGETHER, ALL THE STUDIES TO HELP YOU TO DETERMINE HOW TO MAKE A DECISION. AND THEY OFTEN INCLUDE A META-ANALYSIS, I RARELY COME ACROSS A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW THAT DOESN'T. AND THEY'RE ALL, AGAIN, JUST LIKE META-ANALYSIS BASED ON THAT QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH. WE ADD A COUPLE OF DATABASES TO THE MIX, WE DO HAVE THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND WE ALSO HAVE THE JOANNA BRIGGS DATABASE AND IT HAS BOTH EVIDENCE-BASED SUMMARIES AND SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS IN IT. SO WE'RE GOING TO GO OUT AND WE'RE GOING TO LOOK 16 FOR SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS IN ALL OF THESE DIFFERENT DATABASES. SO I'M GOING TO GO BACK OVER TO MY BROWSER, REMEMBER, I HAVE ALL THESE DATABASES OPEN ACROSS THE TOP SO I'M NOT ALWAYS IN THE SAME DATABASE. HERE I AM IN MEDLINE, SO, IN MEDLINE, I HAVE TO LOOK FOR SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS, IT CAN BE A LITTLE TRICKY IF WE WANT TO FIND OUR HIGHEST LEVEL OF EVIDENCE, WE WANT TO USE THIS E.B.M. REVIEWS RIGHT HERE. SO, IF I CHECK THAT BOX, AND THEN I RUN MY SEARCH, IT IS GOING TO RETRIEVE FOR ME THE SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS MOSTLY COCHRANE THAT MEDLINE HAS SELECTED FOR THIS DATABASE. FOR THE SUBJECT IN THIS DATABASE. SO, HERE WE GO. WE HAVE OUR FIRST RESULT HERE, AND YOU'LL SEE THAT IT DOES COME FROM THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND HERE WE HAVE A LINK TO OUR FULL TEXT IN COCHRANE. SO THE TWO DATABASES ARE SYNC'D UP. KEEP IN MIND, ALL OF THESE COCHRANE, SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS ARE INDEXED IN MEDLINE, THAT WOULD MEAN IF YOU WENT AND SEARCHED IN PUB MED OUT ON THE INTERNET FOR FREE, YOU WOULD BE ABLE TO RETRIEVE 17 THESE RESULTS BY LIMITING TO E.B.M. REVIEWS IN PUB MED, WHICH IS ALSO SEARCHING MEDLINE. SO WE GET A GOOD NUMBER OF RESULTS IN HERE. AND MOST OF THEM ARE COMING FROM COCHRANE. I THINK THAT THERE'S A COUPLE THAT COME FROM SOME OTHER JOURNALS THAT ARE SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS, LIKE WE HAVE ONE HERE THAT'S FROM EVIDENCE-BASED NURSING. SO, IT'S A REAL EASY SEARCH IN MEDLINE WITH JUST TO HAVE IT SET UP AS A CHECK BOX. SO NOW BACK TO CINAHL. SO, CINAHL IS VERY MUCH LIKE WE HAVE BEEN SEARCHING FOR OTHER TYPES IN CINAHL. WE USE THE PUBLICATION TYPE. AND, SO, WE ARE GOING ALL THE WAY DOWN TO THE BOTTOM. TO FIND SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS. AND THEN RUN OUR SEARCH. AND, SO, AGAIN IN CINAHL, IT'S GOING TO TELL US THAT WE'VE RETRIEVED A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND THEY'RE GOING TO BE COMING FROM DIFFERENT PLACES. THERE'S A LOT OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS PUBLISHED IN THE NURSING AND ALLIED HEALTH LITERATURE THAT ARE NOT COCHRANE AND, SO, YOU'LL GET A LOT OF THOSE RESULTS HERE IN CINAHL DATABASE. 18 ALL RIGHT. SO, EASY ENOUGH. NOW WE'RE GOING TO GO TO OUR FAVORITE COCHRANE DATABASE SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS, SO USUALLY IT'S THE FIRST PLACE TO GO IF YOU'RE LOOKING FOR A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. IF YOU WERE TO CALL US, HOPEFULLY EVERYONE WOULD TAKE YOU HERE QUICKLY AND GET YOU GOING ON A SEARCH THAT'S BROADER THAN A LOT OF OTHER SEARCHES YOU WOULD DO. YOU WOULDN'T WANT TO COME IN HERE WITH A REALLY REFINED SEARCH LIKE -- AND THEN NOT GET ANY RESULTS, WHICH WOULD BE SOMEWHAT COMMON. THEN YOU CAN LOOK DOWN HERE, THERE ARE SOME LIMITS, BUT THERE'S REALLY NOT MUCH THAT WE WOULD WANT TO DO TO LIMIT OUR SEARCHES. AND WE JUST WANT TO COME IN HERE AND SEARCH FOR OUR FULL TEXT SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND THAT'S ALL WE'RE GOING TO RETRIEVE HERE. IS OUR COCHRANE SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS, ALL IN FULL TEXT. KEEP IN MIND THESE DOCUMENTS ARE VERY LARGE. SO THEY MAY TAKE MORE THAN A MOMENT TO DOWNLOAD. AND IT SHOULD TELL US AGAIN HERE IN THE FULL RECORD OF HOW TO SOURCE THIS, IF YOU WANTED TO USE 19 THIS DOCUMENT, THIS IS HOW YOU WOULD CITE IT IN -- MY BROWSER JUST MISBEHAVED ON ME -- HOW YOU WOULD CITE IT IN THE COCHRANE -- -- FROM THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, SO MAKE SURE YOU GRAB THIS INFORMATION HERE BECAUSE IT MAY BE A LITTLE DIFFERENT THAN WHAT YOU'RE FAMILIAR WITH WHEN IT COMES TO CITING BECAUSE IT IS COMING OUT OF THAT DATABASE. BUT THAT'S -- IT'S REALLY PRETTY EASY, JUST, I THINK, KNOWING THAT IT'S HERE, AND THAT IT EXISTS IS PROBABLY THE MOST IMPORTANT STEP IN MAKING USE OF IT. AND THEN KEEP IN MIND THE COCHRANE COLLABORATION IS OUT THERE ON THE INTERNET, ALSO FREE AND OPEN DATABASE, YOU CAN GO AND SEARCH. YOU CANNOT PULL THE FULL TEXT BY GOING OUT ON THE WEB AND ACCESSING THE COCHRANE COLLABORATION, BUT YOU CAN SEARCH IT AND THAT'S PART OF THE WHOLE EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE MOVEMENT IS MAKING ALL OF THAT INFORMATION SEARCHABLE AND ACCESSIBLE AND, SO, YOU KNOW, EVERYTHING IS OUT THERE, YOU JUST MAY NOT BE ABLE TO GET THE FULL TEXT BUT WE SUBSCRIBE TO IT. SO YOU'LL BE ABLE TO GET TO IT FROM US. THEN FINALLY, I STILL HAVE DARE OPEN HERE, AND IT 20 ALSO HAS A LOT OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS IN IT. MOST OF THEM ARE. AND, SO, IF YOU JUST WERE TO COME INTO DARE, YOU KNOW, DO YOUR SEARCH ON YOUR TOPIC, REALLY DON'T NEED TO APPLY ANY LIMITS OR ANY ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS. THE MAJORITY OF WHAT YOU'RE GOING TO RETRIEVE IS GOING TO BE SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSIS. YOU MAY ALSO SEE SOME OF THESE ARE PROVISIONAL ABSTRACTS, SO THESE ARE, LIKE I SAID, TOPICS AND RESEARCH THAT'S LEADING INTO BECOMING A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, WHICH CAN BE VERY TELLING IF YOU'RE WORKING ON A TOPIC, IF YOU FIND SOMETHING THAT'S WORKING TOWARDS THAT THAT IS A VERY RELEVANT RESEARCH THAT YOU PROBABLY SHOULD BE TUNED INTO. SO, WE HAVE ONE TYPE OF REVIEW LEFT. AND I AM GOING TO GO BACK OVER HERE AND GO AND TALK TO YOU FOR A MOMENT ABOUT INTEGRATIVE REVIEWS. NOW, INTEGRATIVE REVIEWS ARE QUITE DIFFERENT FROM THE OTHER TYPES OF REVIEWS IN THAT THEY ARE COMBINING QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH AND THEY'RE FAIRLY NEW. THERE'S NOT A LOT OF INTEGRATIVE REVIEWS OUT THERE. 21 AND I WOULD SAY THEY'RE MORE COMMON IN THE NURSING LITERATURE AND BEING POPULARIZED MORE SO IN THAT NURSING AND ALLIED HEALTH AND COUNSELING AND PSYCHOLOGY FIELDS, ALTHOUGH THE HARD SCIENCES OF, YOU KNOW, THE PHYSICIANS AND THE CLINICAL TITLES ARE GETTING MORE INTO ENTERTAINING THESE APPROACHES TO RESEARCH. SO I THINK WE'RE GOING TO SEE MORE OF THIS. MORE OF THIS QUALITATIVE IDEA BROUGHT INTO OUR EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACH TO RESEARCH. SO, THE TWO DATABASES NOW THAT WE WOULD USE ARE JUST THOSE TWO UNFILTERED DATABASES OF MEDLINE AND CINAHL. AND THE SEARCHING IS NOT EVEN AS SOPHISTICATED AS WHAT IT IS FOR THE OTHER APPROACHES TO PUBLICATION TYPES. IN MEDLINE AND CINAHL, BOTH, WE WOULD ONLY BE ABLE TO DO A KEYWORD SEARCH FOR INTEGRATIVE REVIEWS. AND, SO, THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT I'M GOING TO DO HERE. I'M JUST GOING TO COME INTO MEDLINE AND I'M GOING TO DO MY KEYWORD SEARCH AND THEN I'M GOING TO ENTER MY INTEGRATIVE REVIEWS AS ANOTHER KEYWORD SEARCH. AND THEN I'M GOING TO GO AHEAD AND TELL IT TO GO OUT THERE AND FIND ME WHAT YOU CAN. 22 AND I'M NOT GOING TO GET A LOT. AND, SO, YOU CAN SEE A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WHAT I WAS GETTING WITH SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS WHENEVER I WAS SEARCHING IN MEDLINE VERSUS NOW LOOKING AT INTEGRATIVE REVIEWS SO THERE'S JUST A FALL SMALLER POOL OF LITERATURE AVAILABLE. AND IT CAN BE REALLY DIFFICULT IF YOU'RE ASKED TO FIND INTEGRATIVE REVIEW AND YOU'VE SELECTED A REALLY SPECIFIC TOPIC, ESPECIALLY IF YOU'RE WORKING ON A SPECIFIC POPULATION, YOU KNOW, IF YOU'RE LOOKING AT OBESITY AND DIABETES IN WHITE MEN FROM AGE 45 TO 65, THAT'S GOING TO BE MUCH MORE DIFFICULT TO FIND AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW ON THAN JUST OBESITY. AND, SO, YOU KNOW, THAT WOULD BE SOMETHING THAT WE COULD HELP YOU WITH IF YOU'RE STRUGGLING BECAUSE THERE'S NOT A LOT OUT THERE THAT IS CONSIDERED INTEGRATIVE REVIEW AT THIS POINT. SO ONLY 16 RESULTS HERE, AND THEN IF I GO BACK TO CINAHL, I WOULD JUST DO THE SAME THING WHERE I'M GOING TO DO MY KEYWORD SEARCH IN BOTH BOX, AND I AM PUTTING IT IN QUOTES BECAUSE I'M TRYING TO KEEP THE TWO WORDS TOGETHER INTEGRATIVE REVIEW AS A TERM INSTEAD OF AN AS AN -- INSTEAD OF AS INDIVIDUAL KEYWORDS. 23 SO LET'S SEE WHAT WE GET IN CINAHL. ONLY 20 RESULTS. AND, SO, BETWEEN THE TWO OF THEM WE DON'T HAVE A LOT OF RESULTS FOR INTEGRATIVE REVIEW. SO IF YOU ARE ASKED TO FIND THIS TYPE OF STUDY AND YOU'RE A LITTLE FRUSTRATED, BECAUSE YOU'RE NOT FINDING A LOT, IT'S VERY LIKELY THAT THERE MAY JUST NOT BE AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW OUT THERE PUBLISHED ON YOUR TOPIC. SO THE OTHER DATABASES DO NOT EVEN HAVE THE INTEGRATIVE REVIEW IN THEM. AND YOU KNOW WHAT? ACTUALLY, I JUST REALIZED THAT I FORGOT TO SHOW YOU THE JOANNA BRIGGS INSTITUTE FOR SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS, SO LET ME JUST GO AHEAD AND POP OVER HERE. IT'S A PRO QUEST DATABASE SO IT LOOKS A LITTLE DIFFERENT BUT SAME IDEA. IF WE LOOK DOWN THE PAGE JUST A LITTLE BIT, YOU'LL SEE THAT THERE'S NOT VERY MANY LIMITS HERE. WE WANT TO CHOOSE THE SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS TO JUST GET THOSE. AND IT WILL JUST COME UP WITH -- OH, OH, DEAR. WELL, IT SEEMS THAT MY DATABASE HAS TIMED OUT. SO I WILL HAVE TO GO BACK IN THERE AGAIN AND JUST 24 REPEAT THAT. AND I'M SURE PROQUEST IS GOING TO MISBEHAVE ON ME JUST A LITTLE BIT. OKAY. ALL RIGHT. WELL, WHILE WE'RE WAITING ON THAT TO LOAD, AND HOPEFULLY IT DOES LOAD QUICKLY, AND WE DO GET TO SEE THAT, I'M GOING TO COME BACK OVER HERE AND I'M GOING TO SHOW YOU SOME THINGS BEFORE I CONCLUDE MY PRESENTATION. AND THAT IS OUR RESEARCH HOME FOR HEALTH SCIENCES. YOU'LL SEE HERE THAT THINGS ARE BROKEN UP. WE HAVE THE HEALTH SCIENCES DATABASES, TAKES YOU DOWN TO THIS LIST AND THEY'RE ALL DESCRIBED BUT THE TWO WE'RE USING TONIGHT WERE MEDLINE AND CINAHL, WHICH ARE THE TOP TWO HERE, SO MOST FREQUENTLILY USED RESOURCES FOR -- FREQUENTLY USED RESOURCES FOR THE HEALTH SCIENCES. THEN IF YOU SELECT THE EVIDENCE BASED AND CLINICAL REVIEW SOURCES, IT WILL TAKE YOU DOWN TO THIS LIST OF DATABASES. LET'S SEE IF WE CAN LOAD THAT, JOANNA BRIGGS AGAIN AND IF IT WILL CONNECT FOR ME. OKAY. ALL RIGHT. 25 I DID GET IT TO LOAD. SO LET ME JUST GO THERE AND GO TO THE ADVANCED SEARCH. AND SEE IF IT WILL ACTUALLY EXECUTE MY SEARCH FOR ME. SELECT SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS TO JUST GET THOSE OUT. AND HURRAY! SO THERE ARE 24 RESULTS HERE. BUT STILL DEFINITELY WORTH TAKING A LOOK AT. JOANNA BRIGGS IS GEARED MORE TOWARDS THE NURSING POPULATION, SO, KEEP THAT IN MIND, THAT YOU'RE MORE LIKELY TO FIND THOSE AREAS OF STUDY IN HERE. BUT DEFINITELY A GREAT RESOURCE AND WE DO HAVE ACCESS TO ALL THE FULL TEXT IN HERE. JOANNA BRIGGS ALSO PUBLISHES EVIDENCE-BASED SUMMARIES, WHICH WAS AN OPTION FOR A LIMIT, TOO. SO IT'S A GOOD OVERVIEW ON WHAT THE CLINICAL ANSWER IS BASED ON THE SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, REAL QUICK AND EASY SNAPSHOT. SO I'M GOING TO GO BACK OVER TO MY RESEARCH HOME, SO WE TALKED ABOUT WHERE YOU FIND THESE DIFFERENT DATABASES. I WANT TO GO UP HERE TO THE TOP, AND ACROSS HERE, YOU'LL NOTICE SOME TABS. AND THE ONE I WANT TO POINT OUT TO YOU TONIGHT IS 26 THE GUIDE FOR EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE. SO, IF I GO HERE INTO THIS GUIDE, YOU'LL SEE IT GOES INTO MORE DEPTH ABOUT THE EVIDENCE-BASED RESOURCES THAT WE HAVE, HOW TO GO INTO SOME OF THESE DATABASES AND EVEN SOME ADDITIONAL DATABASES THAT I DIDN'T COVER TONIGHT. THAT ARE BEYOND THE LIBRARY. AND, SO, PROBABLY THE COOLEST PART OF THIS GUIDE IS THE EVIDENCE PYRAMID HERE ON THIS PAGE. AND THIS REALLY GETS INTO THE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF EVIDENCE AND THE QUALITY ASSOCIATED WITH THOSE LEVELS. 7 AND TALKS ABOUT THE FILTERED VERSUS THE UNFILTERED INFORMATION AND THE GREAT THING ABOUT THIS IS IT'S ALL LINKED. SO, IF YOU CLICK ON THIS TOP OF THE PYRAMID FOR SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS, IT ACTUALLY TAKES YOU TO A LIST OF THE RESOURCES WHERE YOU CAN FIND ALL THE SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS IN THE LIBRARY. AND, SO, THOSE THREE DATABASES THAT ARE FILTERED RESOURCES AND THEN OUR TWO DATABASES WHERE WE HAVE TO GO IN TO SELECT LIMITS. EVEN MORE THAN THAT, THERE'S PLENTY HERE THAT LINKS TO OTHER RESOURCES YOU MAY NOT BE AWARE OF, DIFFERENT LEVELS OF EVIDENCE, SOME OF THESE THINGS 27 YOU MAY FIND ON THE INTERNET AND NOT REALIZE THAT THEY ARE CONSIDERED TO BE GOOD CLINICAL RESOURCES. AND, SO, I ENCOURAGE YOU TO CHECK THIS OUT AND UTILIZE IT FOR YOUR RESEARCH AND TO UNDERSTAND A LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT EVIDENCE-BASED RESOURCES. I ALSO HAVE A TAB HERE ON EVIDENCE TYPES AND I WANT TO POINT OUT, THERE'S A FEW RESOURCES HERE FOR SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS. I DO POINT YOU TOWARDS A COUPLE OF COCHRANE RESOURCES AND SOME OTHER ARTICLES TO UNDERSTAND A LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND WHY THEY'RE SIGNIFICANT. AND THEN ALSO META-ANALYSIS, THE SAME THING, I HAVE A RESOURCE FROM COCHRANE AND THEN ANOTHER THAT TALKS ABOUT THE HISTORY OF META-ANALYSIS AND QUANTITATIVE STUDIES. AND THEN I GET INTO SOME OTHER TYPES OF STUDIES, AND I'M RUNNING A COUPLE MORE WEBINARS HERE THROUGHOUT THE SPRING ON FINDING DIFFERENT STUDY TYPES. SO I HOPE THAT YOU WILL JOIN ME AGAIN FOR THAT. AND THAT, I BELIEVE, REALLY CONCLUDES OVERALL WHAT I WANTED TO TEACH YOU TONIGHT AND SHOW YOU AND HOPEFULLY YOU GOT SOMETHING OUT OF THIS AND YOU KNOW A LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT FINDING THESE 28 DIFFERENT TYPES OF REVIEWS AND USING THESE DIFFERENT DATABASES. MAYBE THERE'S ONE YOU DIDN'T KNOW ABOUT AND NOW YOU DO. AND I HOPE THAT YOU ARE ABLE TO MAKE USE OF IT. AND, SO, THAT'S REALLY IT AS FAR AS WHAT I WANTED TO PRESENT. SO, I WOULD LIKE TO OPEN THE FLOOR TO QUESTIONS. SO, AT THIS TIME, IF YOU WANTED TO TYPE YOUR QUESTIONS INTO THE PANEL FOR ME, AND I AM ACTUALLY GOING TO MUTE MYSELF FOR A MOMENT AND I'M GOING TO TAKE A LOOK AT THE QUESTIONS OVER HERE AND START ANSWERING THEM FOR YOU. SO BEAR WITH ME AS I READ THROUGH, AS I CAN SEE THERE'S QUITE A FEW THERE. HANG ON. ALL RIGHT. I HAVE A QUESTION ABOUT HOW DO WE USE THE SYSTEMATIC REVIEW IN DISSERTATION. AND THIS IS A GREAT QUESTION. FOR A LOT OF REASONS. AND MOSTLY BECAUSE I THINK THAT IT'S REALLY SOMETHING YOU SHOULD DISCUSS WITH YOUR CHAIR, HOW THEY WILL TYPE THE ARTICLE, WHETHER OR NOT THEY'LL CONSIDER IT TO BE PEER REVIEWED. 29 NOW, IT DEPENDS ON WHAT TYPE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AS WELL, IF IT'S A COCHRANE SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, IT'S COMING FROM THAT COCHRANE DATABASE, WHICH DEPENDS WHETHER OR NOT YOU CONSIDER THAT TO BE PEER REVIEWED. IF YOU GO AND YOU ASK GOOGLE WHETHER OR NOT A COCHRANE SYSTEMATIC REVIEW IS PEER REVIEWED, YOU'LL GET A LITTLE BIT MORE BACKGROUND ON THAT. SO THAT'S THE FIRST PART OF THAT IS THAT YOU HAVE TO UNDERSTAND WHERE YOUR FACULTY, YOUR CHAIR, YOUR GROUP THAT YOU'RE REPORTING TO, HOW THEY FALL ON THAT ARGUMENT, WHETHER OR NOT A COCHRANE SYSTEMATIC REVIEW IS PEER REVIEWED OR NOT. OTHER SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS WOULD FALL UNDER CATEGORICALLY BEING PUBLISHED IN PEER-REVIEWED JOURNALS. YOU SHOULD NEVER OVERLOOK A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, IT IS GOING TO BE AN IMPORTANT PART OF YOUR RESEARCH. IF THERE'S A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OUT THERE ON YOUR TOPIC AND YOU'RE NOT INCLUDING IT ON A DISSERTATION, THAT WOULD BE A PROBLEM. SO, NOW, CLASSIFYING IS ONE THING, BUT THEN INCLUDING IT IS COMPLETELY NECESSARY. SO, YOU SHOULD BE SEARCHING IN THESE DATABASES IN DARE AND COCHRANE AND, YOU KNOW, MAKING SURE THAT 30 YOU ARE LIMITING TO SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS, TAKING A LOOK AND FOR YOU AS A RESEARCHER, THEY'RE AWESOME BECAUSE THEY GIVE YOU A TON OF INFORMATION JUST EASY, RIGHT THERE, IN THIS THE 70-PAGE DOCUMENT WHERE SOMEBODY ELSE HAS DONE ALL OF THIS LITERATURE REVIEW ON YOUR TOPIC, AND YOU CAN EVEN LOOK AT WHAT THEIR APPROACH IS BECAUSE IN SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS, THEY REALLY DISCUSS WHAT THEIR STRATEGY WAS AND WHY THEY INCLUDED CERTAIN LITERATURE AND WHY THEY EXCLUDED OTHER LITERATURE AND THAT CAN REALLY HELP YOU WHEN YOU'RE TRYING TO MAKE THE SAME DECISIONS ABOUT YOUR LITERATURE REVIEW FOR YOUR DISSERTATION. ALL RIGHT. OKAY. I HAD A QUESTION ABOUT THE CITATION FOR A COCHRANE DATABASE, WHAT I MEAN BY THAT IS THAT THE WAY THAT IT APPEARS IN THE DATABASE, THE QUESTION WAS, WHETHER OR NOT TO USE A SPECIFIC CITATION THAT IS DIFFERENT FROM A.P.A. IS IT ETHICAL TO CHANGE IT TO A.P.A. OR SHOULD WE LEAVE IT AS IT'S SHOWN? YES, YOU CAN COMPLETELY CHANGE IT TO A.P.A. FORMAT, BUT ALL OF THE DETAILS THAT YOU WOULD NEED FOR THAT A.P.A. CITATION ARE IN THAT RECORD. 31 AND, SO, IF YOU WANTED TO, YOU KNOW, KNOW THAT YOU HAD ALL THE IDENTIFYING INFORMATION, THE CORRECT INFORMATION, YOU WOULD WANT TO COME AND YOU WOULD WANT TO PULL THAT INFORMATION FROM HERE, BUT YOU WOULD STILL ASSIMILATE IT INTO THE PROPER A.P.A. FORMAT AND, SO, HOW THAT WOULD EXACTLY BE WRITTEN IS PROBABLY DIFFERENT FROM THE WAY THAT IT APPEARS HERE, BUT THE RELEVANT INFORMATION THAT YOU NEED, ESPECIALLY THIS ARTICLE NUMBER, THE D.O.I., AND THE DATABASE AND THAT TYPE OF INFORMATION IS GOING TO BE WHAT YOU WOULD TAKE AND MOVE INTO YOUR A.P.A. CITATION. ALL RIGHT. LET ME SEE IF I MISSED ANYBODY HERE. AND IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS, THEN NOW'S THE TIME. WE'RE RUNNING OUT OF MINUTES. AM I MISSING ANYTHING, MICHELLE? I SEE THAT YOU'VE ANSWERED A FEW. >> WE HAD A COUPLE PRELIMINARY QUESTIONS, BUT I BELIEVE THOSE MAY HAVE BEEN ANSWERED. THE STUDENTS I CHATTED WITH WANT TO ASK A FOLLOW-UP QUESTION, YOU'RE CERTAINLY WELCOME TO DO SO. >> I SEE THAT SOMEBODY HERE DID ASK ABOUT PRIMARY 32 RESEARCH ARTICLE. AND YOU GUYS REALLY HAVE IT KIND OF EASY BECAUSE YOU CAN ALWAYS LIMIT TO RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIALS AND GET THE PRIMARY RESEARCH. SO, YOU KNOW, THAT'S A LITTLE EASIER IN THE MEDICAL LITERATURE THAN SOME OF THE OTHER AREAS OF LITERATURE. BUT THAT'S A REALLY GOOD WAY TO KNOW THAT YOU HAVE THAT PRIMARY SOURCE. AND I AM GOING TO TALK ABOUT THAT MORE WHENEVER I DO THE NEXT SESSION. I'M GOING TO BE TALKING ABOUT OTHER PUBLICATION TYPES. SO IF YOU'RE INTERESTED IN GETTING INTO MORE DETAIL ABOUT ALL THE OTHER THINGS THAT ARE OUT THERE THAT YOU CAN LIMIT TO AND REFINE IN THE MEDICAL LITERATURE, AND I HAVE ANOTHER QUESTION, PLEASE CLARIFY THE DATABASES. A.P.A. CITATION. I'M NOT SURE. OKAY. I HAVE ANOTHER ONE THAT SAYS, HOW ABOUT THE USE OF THE META-ANALYSIS IN A DISSERTATION? AND MY ANSWER IS GOING TO BE THE SAME AS THE SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND FOR THE MOST PART, IT'S 33 GOING TO BE SOMETHING THAT'S INCLUSIVE. YOU WANT TO HAVE THOSE META-ANALYSIS, IF THEY'RE OUT THERE, AND MOST OF THE META-ANALYSIS THAT ARE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ARE GOING TO BE PUBLISHED OUT THERE IN THE PEER-REVIEWED LITERATURE SOMEWHERE. SO, THEY WOULD, YOU KNOW, JUST FALL UNDER THE CONTEXT OF OTHER TYPES OF RESEARCH. THE REAL UNIQUE ONE IS JUST THAT COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS, ALL THOSE COCHRANE REVIEWS, THEY'RE THEIR OWN LITTLE ANIMAL, SO YOU MIGHT WANT TO SEE HOW IT IS THAT THE FACULTY YOU'RE WORKING WITH CONSIDER THEM IN REGARDS TO HOW THEY ARE IN THE DISSERTATION REFERENCES. ALL RIGHT. WELL, I THINK THAT I'VE ANSWERED EVERYONE'S AND WE'RE AT TIME. YEAH, SO, WE DON'T HAVE ANY LAST QUESTIONS, I'M GOING TO GO AHEAD AND FINISH UP THE SESSION. THIS HAS BEEN GREAT. WE'VE HAD A LOT OF GOOD QUESTIONS. I HOPE THAT YOU'VE GOTTEN SOMETHING OUT OF IT. I HOPE THAT I SEE YOU AGAIN WHENEVER I DO MY NEXT SESSION ON FINDING DIFFERENT STUDY TYPES. AND YOU CAN GO AND REGISTER FOR IT NOW. 34 IT IS AVAILABLE. SO, I AM GOING TO END -- WAIT. I HAVE ONE QUESTION ABOUT STARTING FROM SYSTEMATIC REVIEW FROM DISSERTATION. I'M NOT REALLY SURE WHAT YOU MEAN STARTING FROM SYSTEMATIC REVIEW FOR DISSERTATION. LET'S SEE. I'M NOT SURE IF YOU MEAN THAT YOU WERE DOING A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW FOR YOUR DISSERTATION. OR INCLUDING A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW FOR YOUR DISSERTATION. YOU'RE GOING TO CLARIFY. ALL RIGHT. WELL, I'M NOT GETTING ANYTHING ELSE SO I'M GOING TO GO AHEAD AND END THE SESSION TONIGHT. SO THANKS AGAIN. AND HAVE A GOOD NIGHT. THIS FILE IS BEING PROVIDED IN A ROUGH-DRAFT FORMAT. COMMUNICATION ACCESS REALTIME TRANSLATION (CART) IS PROVIDED IN ORDER TO FACILITATE COMMUNICATION ACCESSIBILITY AND MAY NOT BE A TOTALLY VERBATIM RECORD OF THE PROCEEDINGS.